However, when Emperor Xuanzong tested Yang's hypothesis by summoning An, he immediately showed up in Chang'an and claimed that Yang was making false accusations. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China flees the capital of Chang'an during the An Lushan Rebellion. History & Culture. The An Lushan Rebellion began in 755 as a revolt by a disgruntled general in the Tang Dynasty's army, but it soon engulfed the country in unrest that lasted nearly a decade until its end in 763. Despite concluding in the unconditional surrender of the Axis to the Allies, tensions did not abate; instead, the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival superpowers merely provided the foundations for the half-century Cold War that was to follow. In 755, when Zhang Xun was in the prime of his life, the Tang Golden Age was shattered. [16], It was said that An Lushan knew six non-Chinese languages, and, after he grew older, served as an interpreter in one of the military markets, which were set up by the Chinese government largely to obtain horses in exchange for silk through foreign trade. for controlling the Khitan and Xi and surrounding area. An Lushan therefore took the name of An. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. 1), p. 105. or "the luminous", Beckwith, p. 145, n. 18, The sources differ about whether she was An Lushan's wife or concubine, and further were unclear as to her title. With his victory, An Lushan proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Yan Dynasty. The Revolt of An Lushan. He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life. Chinese territory increased enormously and the Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, that of 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. Serving with him was Shi Sugan (later named Shi Siming), who was one day older than he was and who became a good friend of his. Wikimedia Commons. Pivoting to the West after the execution of his ambassadors by the Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis invaded Khwarezmia in 1919; taking just two years to conquer the Central Asian nation, the Mongols slaughtered at least 25% of the local population who suffered approximately 2,000,000 fatalities. An Qingzong, who was then at Chang'an, reported Yang's attack to An Lushan, causing considerable concern to An Lushan, who, thereafter, refused to attend the funeral of an imperial prince in summer 755, and did not offer to send a large number of horses to Chang'an that autumn, which aroused the suspicions of Emperor Xuanzong. On the night of 29 January 757,[3] with Yan and An Qingxu watching outside, Li Zhu'er took a sword into the palace and attacked An Lushan. They were demolished, and the road to the capital now lay open. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. When the Li Linfu died in 752, An came into conflict with Li's replacement, Yang Guozhong, who was Yang Guifeis cousin, possibly because An Lushan himself had hoped to be appointed to the post of High Chancellor. FOR SALE! The financial structure of the dynasty had collapsed during the Emperor Xuanzong treated him well and allowed him to visit the palace at all times. Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, that of 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. The rebellion overtly began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on February 17, 763 (although After the Russian Revolution was over, three key Russian leaders emerged: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin. Geshu's subordinate Huoba Guiren () seized him and surrendered to Yan forces. One such general, Wu Sangui, consequently defected to the Qing cause and with their combined forces defeated the new dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass. [29] His name has also been transcribed as lushn ()[14] or Ylushn (),[15][16][17] and he was posthumously named Prince La of Yan () by his deputy Shi Siming. The An Lushan Rebellion WebAn Lushan (; c. 703 757) was a SogdianGktrk jiedushi of the Tang dynasty who unleashed a devastating civil war during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. Oh god why would you go between percent and fractions in the same sentence describing the same thing. Before the revolt, estimates put the population within the city walls at from 800,000-1,000,000. The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglected the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan and later leader of the rebellion after murdering An The time of the Three Kingdoms is widely regarded as one of, if not the, bloodiest in Chinese history. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. An Lushan, Wade-Giles romanization An Lu-shan, original surname Kang, imperial name Xiongwu, (born 703, Yingzhou [now Chaoyang, Liaoning province], Came for this. He created An Qingxu the Prince of Jin and another son, An Qinghe (), the Prince of Zheng. Yeah, it's really unknowable, which is the trend the further back you go in history. Based in present-day Nanjing, the Taiping, led by Hong Xiuquan, was a fanatical Christian movement seeking to impose radical social change upon China. 2. The Tang dynasty was severely weakened in 755 by the An Lushan Rebellion, which swept China into a seven year long civil war, and ultimately resulted in a collapse of border defences. Here are our sources: The Punic Wars, Nigel Bagnall, St. Martins Press, 2005, A Companion to the Punic Wars, B.D. In July 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Changan, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. This type of conduct led to rumors of an inappropriate relationship between Yang and An Lushan. Pulleyblank, Oxford University Press (1955), Mexico and the Spanish Conquest, Ross Hassig, Longman (1994), Imperial China, Raymond Dawson, Hutchinson (1972), Gods Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, Jonathan Spence, W.W. Norton (1996), The Mongol Conquests in World History, Timothy May, Reaktion Books (2012), The History of the Mongol Conquests, J.J. Saunders (2011), The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, Rafe de Crespigny, East Asian History (1991), The Second World War, Antony Beevor, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2012), The Second World War, Winston Churchill, Houghton Mifflin (1948-1953), England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, R. Bartlett, in New Oxford History of England, J.M. This seemingly large figure was merely a shadow of the population during the preceding Han dynasty, under which 10,677,960 households included at least 56,486,856 individuals a decline of more than 40,000,000 over the hundred year conflict. Beginning with the deterioration and eventual collapse of the Han dynasty, and concluding with the ascendance of the Jin, each rival faction claimed dominion over the others as the sole legitimate emperor. World War II, the largest and deadliest war in human history, was a global total war between 1939 and 1945, involving more than 30 countries and 100 million participants. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. The power of the jiedushi, or provincial military governors, increased greatly after imperial troops crushed the rebels, taking administrative power away from the scholar-officials. Late Yuan Warfare & Transition to Ming Dynasty (Death Toll Estimate: 30 Million) 12. Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 Tang economic control of the Northeast region became intermittent, and the emperor became only a puppet, at the bidding of the strongest garrison. An Lushan approached Changan with limited resistance, and in the summer of 756, the city, which had a metro population of roughly 2 million, was sacked. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. The Revolt of An Lushan. As Zhang believed that he was obese, he did not dare to eat too much while in Zhang's presence, and this drew Zhang's favor. This was the highest death toll for any event until World War II surpassed it with over 62 million deaths. An Lushan was born An Rokhan in 703 in northern Manchuria, where his father was a Sogdian sartapo (merchant) employed by the Turkic Khanate to administer their domains. In total, across more than a century of warfare the Mongols are believed to have been directly responsible for the deaths of 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 people, in addition to displacing hundreds of millions and indirectly causing the calamitous Black Plague in Europe. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a major societal disturbance and turmoil which took place in China during the Tang Dynasty from December 16, 755 to February 17, 763 (although the The Revolt of An Lushan. An Lushan (Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn; 20th day of the 1st month[4] 19 February 703[2] 29 January 757[3]) was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion. [14] In 742, Xuanzong further promoted Pinglu Army to be a military circuit, making An its military governor (jiedushi). [1] In 744, An Rokhan (An Lushan) was made the military governor of Fanyang Province (Hebei), (jiedushi) of Manchuria, by the High Chancellor Li lin-fu, who favored foreign generals because he feared that Chinese generals might usurp his authority at court. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 different countries, the second most Pulleyblank, Edwin G. "The An Lushan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China," in Perry, John Curtis, and Bardwell L. Smith. Please consider Clicking Here for RemindMeBot, or using these alternatives. In 756, he took the capital of Changan and forced the Emperor to flee. It. The An Lushan rebellion was one of them. Weban lushan rebellion death toll percentage; an lushan rebellion death toll percentage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion#Death_toll. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, Soviet Union & Post-Soviet States | Modern Central Asia. The family name An implied that he was from the city of Bukhara in Sogdiana, and Rokhan in the Sogdian language meant "light." For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Despite superior numbers, the geography of the mountain passes precluded an advance on the capital of Changan until 756, at which point Xuanzong was forced to flee to Sichuan where he abdicated his throne. In mid-reign, he fell in love Yang Guifei, the wife of his eighteenth son, and she then became his favorite consort. He escaped from the city and joined the Tang army as a mercenary. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. The Three Kingdoms as of 262 CE. Unable to stand alone against the combined might of the enlarged Jin, Wu was conquered by the Jin in 280 ending the conflict. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. Sensing the emperors weakness, northern province warlord An Lushan mounted a rebellion and occupied the capital in 755 A.D., forcing Xuanzong to flee. The imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly-formed Yan dynasty. On the way, at Mawei Inn in Shaanxi, Xuanzong's bodyguard troops demanded the death of Yang Guozhong, and of his cousin, Lady Yang, whom they held responsible for the political upheaval in China. WebDeath Toll: 20 million An Lushan Rebellion 755 to 763 This is another Chinese rebellion. Due to the slowness of the Yan advance, the Yan forces were unable to capture either Emperor Xuanzong, who eventually reached Shu Commandery, or Li Heng, who fled to Lingwu and took the Tang imperial title there (as Emperor Suzong). WebThe An Lushan Rebellion (755763 ce) was an dealt a death blow to the cost-effective . Without central leadership the Heavenly Kingdom fractured, allowing for the gradual defeat of disunited rebellious factions across the next seven years. He responded, "Other than a faithful heart, there is nothing else." 3. The An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) occurred when An Lushan, a Although not even close to the longest war in history, the consequences of World War II were both lasting and devastating. The death toll affected the Tang As people have mentioned, severe drops in population during periods of turbulence in Imperial China are generally more due to the collapse in bureaucratic registration than war-related casualties (not to say that the An Lushan rebellion was not devastating for many areas, in particular the Wei River Valley/Henan regions). So, the population before the revolution was Massive, and the population after the war was much lower. Also Chinese land was fertile and worth fighting over. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. [42], Two years later, in 759, after Shi Siming killed An Qingxu and assumed the imperial title, Shi Siming buried An Lushan with the ceremony due an imperial prince, not an emperor, and gave him the rather unflattering posthumous name of La (, meaning "unthinking").[16]. WebSamnite Wars. Thereafter, whenever An visited the capital, he was allowed free admittance to the palace, and there were rumors that he and Consort Yang had an affair, but Emperor Xuanzong discounted the rumors. WebThe Tang Dynasty received its greatest blow due to the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), also known by many Chinese as the An-Shi Rebellion. Zhang then sent him to the capital, Chang'an; by not executing An himself, Zhang was hoping that Emperor Xuanzong would pardon An. 1978. Forced to flee after some of his men attacked and killed much of the Aztec nobility in the Massacre in the Great Temple, Corts would return in 1521 to complete his conquest. Italy. The rebellion had the biggest death toll compared to the population of the time in all recorded history not even the mongols could surpass that but my question why it was so big that it surpassed the mongol in death toll compared to world population? He later settled in Ying Prefecture (, roughly modern Chaoyang, Liaoning). The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. toysmith shopping cart; 1994 treaty between russia and ukraine; alpenglow In 755,[12] An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation,[13] instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan. Li Linfu, who was at this point apprehensive of Wang as a potential rival, used this as one of the reasons to indict Wang, and Wang was, later in 747, removed from his post. The beginning of the An Shi Rebellion in 756 marked the watershed of Tang power. This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 14:50. After my death, he will be your emperor." [14][31] The chancellor Zhang Jiuling, arguing that An's death would be necessary to preserve military discipline and further believing that An had the appearance of a rebel, advocated An's death, but Emperor Xuanzong believed An to be able and did not want to execute him, and therefore spared him but stripped him of titles, returning him to serve under Zhang. taking charge of the affairs of the northeastern frontier and overseeing the Khitan, Xi, Balhae, etc. Starting with the invasion of Western Xia, by 1209 the victorious Mongol hordes descended upon their ancient enemy: China. In the fall of 755, An Lushan, using the northern provinces of Heibei and Henan as his base, led an army of about 150,000 soldiers from Peking (Beijing) to capture the eastern capital city of Loyang (Luoyang). [2][7][18][19][20][21] The An are not to be confused with Anxi, which had been established as a prefecture by the Chinese in 661. He paid frequent visits to the capital and became a personal favorite of Emperor Xuanzong and his beloved Consort, Yang Guifei. Xuanzong, now believing An was as submissive to him as a son to a father, showed him even greater favors. Roman Republic vs. Samnites. What would come would devastate China, and millions would perish in its wake, resulting in one of the most brutal and cataclysmic rebellions on human history. Also in 753, Li Xianzhong's troops were defeated by the Huige, and they surrendered to An, further enhancing his strength. An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed. In 757, An Lushan was murdered by his own son. The Conquest of Mexico by Corts; author unknown (c. late 17th century). New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. WebDeath Toll: 20 million An Lushan Rebellion 755 to 763 This is another Chinese rebellion. On June 1, 1864, Hong died and Nanjing fell in his absence on July 19. in: Sun, Jinji et al. Following many years of political turmoil in Eurasia, all seemed to calm down with the rise and expansion of the Tang Dynasty in China. The revolt that rocked the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty , with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. As his intestines were coming out of his body, An screamed "this is a thief of my own household" and died. [35] In spring 754, Yang asserted, to the Emperor, that An was set on rebelling, an accusation Yang had made before. The two teams divided again into vast forces, and called themselves the Allies and the Axis. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represented one of the greatest periods of Chinese history. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also Yang predicted that if Emperor Xuanzong summoned An to Chang'an, he would surely not come. Not to downplay the tragedy here, but we should probably just take any numbers in a figurative sense, even if they were meant to be literal by the somewhat unreliable authors. Press J to jump to the feed. You should realize many of the bloodiest wars in history took place within China, which is partly just due to the population of China being historically greater than most other regions. In 748, Emperor Xuanzong awarded An Lushan an iron certificate promising that he would not be executed, except for treason, and in 750, he created An Prince of Dongping, setting a precedent for generals not of the imperial Li clan to be created princes. An Rokhan grew up in a town in rmqi, and was working as a sartapo in the market when he was accused of sheep theft and sentenced to death. [32], According to the Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, it was said that An was attempting to increase his own strength and planning a rebellion, and in 747, he claimed to be building Fort Xiongwu () and asked fellow military governor Wang Zhongsi to contribute troops, hoping to hold onto the troops that Wang would send and not return them. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. WebPemberontakan ini juga dikenal sebagai Pemberontakan Tianbao (). Answers must be in-depth and comprehensive, or they will be removed. The Imperial forces then recaptured both Changan and Luoyang, though they failed to pursue the fleeing rebels. "Ah Lushan Dengzahu De Neiya Wenhua Beijing" ("The Cultural Background on An Lushan, etc in Inner Asia With the Discussion on the Inner Asia-ized of Sute or Sogdian"). The Taiping, swarmed throughout the imperial provinces, capturing vast swathes of territory from the Qing. He rose to prominence by fighting during the Tang Frontier Wars between 741 and 755. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. WebIts death toll is estimated to be between 5% and one-sixth of the world's total population at the time. With his victory, An Lushan proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Yan Dynasty. An apologized, stating, "I am foolish. An Lushan Rebellion death toll. Wars of Alexander the Great. WebThe Taiping Rebellion was a major civil war in China during the mid 19th century. Similar processes apply to his An Lushan estimates, ie confusing a decline in registered households by government census with an absolute population decline, when if anything it actually shows a more limited census. [14], In 740, An became the Bingmashi () of Pinglu Army. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. An Lushan was of Sogdian and Gktrk origin,[5][6][7][8][9][10] at least by adoption. General and rebel leader in Tang China; first emperor of Yan (r. 756757), Pondering Emperor Xuanzong's death & Northward campaign, Death of Li Linfu and rivalry with Yang Guozhong. On the way, at a small village, Mawei Station, prompted by general Chen Xuanli who believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this rebellion, the imperial guards assassinated Yang Guozhong, and demanded the death of Yang Guifei, to which the Emperor reluctantly consented. On one occasion, three days after his birthday, he was taken into the womens quarters of the palace dressed as a baby, and put through a mock adoption ceremony by Yang. 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