The Romani genocide was formally recognized by West Germany in 1982 and by Poland in 2011. [59], Those with disabilities were among the first to be murdered by the Nazis; according to the U.S. The atrocity largely took place between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933. Among them, about 200 thousand people were selected . It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Austria in 1938: 185,026 Deaths: 65,459, Jewish population of Belgium in 1939: 90,000 Deaths: 24,387, Jewish population of Bulgaria in 1937: 50,000Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Czechoslovakia in 1921: 354,000 Deaths: 260,000, SudetenlandJewish population in 1939: 2,363Deaths: at least 360, Bohemia-Moravia Jewish population in 1930: 117,551Deaths: 77,297, SlovakiaJewish population in 1940: 88,951 Deaths: approximately 60,000, Hungarian-occupied Southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus Jewish population in 1939: 142,000148,000Deaths: 114,000120,000, Jewish population of Denmark in 1937: 7,500Deaths: 52116, Jewish population of Estonia in 1937: 4,500Deaths: 963, Jewish population of France in 1937: 300,000330,000Deaths: 72,90074,000, Jewish population of Germany in 1939: 237,723 Deaths: 165,200, Jewish population of Greece in 1941: 71,611Deaths: 58,80065,000, Jewish population of Hungary in 1937: 490,621Deaths: 297,621, Hungary (borders of 1941) Jewish population: 825,007 Deaths: 564,507, Jewish population of Italy in 1938: 58,412 Jewish population in German-occupied Italy: approximately 43,000Deaths: 7,858, Jewish population of Latvia in 1939: 93,479Deaths: 70,000, Jewish population of Lithuania in 1937: 153,000Deaths: 130,000, Jewish population of Luxembourg in May 1940: 3,5005,000Deaths: 1,200, Jewish population of the Netherlands in May 1940: 140,245 Deaths: 102,000, Jewish population of Norway in April 1940: approximately 1,800Deaths: at least 758, Jewish population of Poland in 1937: 3,350,000Deaths: 2,770,0003,000,000, Jewish population of Romania in 1930: 756,930 Deaths: 211,214260,000, Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania Deaths: 90,295, Bessarabia and BukovinaJewish population in 1930: 314,000 Jewish population in 1941: 185,000 Deaths: 103,919130,000, Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1939: 3,028,538 Deaths: approximately 1,340,000, Jewish population of Yugoslavia in 1941: 82,242 Deaths: 67,228, Slovenia (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 1,500 Deaths: 1,300, Serbia with Banat and Sandak (German-occupied)Jewish population in 1937: 17,200Deaths 15,060, Macedonia (Bulgarian-occupied) Jewish population in 1941: 7,762Deaths: 6,982, Pirot, Serbia (Bulgarian-occupied)Deaths: 140, Albanian-annexed KosovoJewish population in 1937: 550 Deaths: 210, Croatia with Dalmatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaJewish population in 1937: 39,400Deaths: 30,148, Montenegro (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 30 Deaths: 28, Backa and Baranja (Hungarian-annexed)Jewish population in 1937: 16,000Deaths: 13,500. You must credit the Forward, retain our pixel and preserve our canonical link in Google search. The train tracks leading to Birkenau, the extermination camp at Auschwitz. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. According to British historian Ian Kershaw, the Nazis' genocide and brutality was their way of ensuring Lebensraum ("living space") for those who met Hitler's narrow racial requirements; this necessitated the elimination of Bolsheviks and Slavs: The Nazi revolution was broader than just the Holocaust. By Adam Kovac January 24, 2023. (2005). About 66% of European Jews were killed during the Holocaust, and the Jewish population for the entire world has still not recovered to pre-war levels. (Bundesarchiv/Wikimedia Commons) Jewish women and children arriving at Auschwitz in 1944. Disease and exhaustion also ravaged camps, while death marches were also commonplace. 28 million Americans blame Jews for the Holocaust. New York: Penguin. . Those taking part in the poll were asked four questions about the Holocaust. Before the Nazi takeover of power in 1933, Europe had a vibrant and mature Jewish culture. A unique tribute to his decades of research is now on display in the Trible Library. ThoughtCo, Feb. 4, 2022, thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781. The Slavs were one of the most widely persecuted groups during the war, with many Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Serbs and others killed by the Nazis. Of the roughly 320,000 Jews established in France at the start of the war, an estimated 74,150 - most of them foreign nationals - were deported by Nazi Germany with the complicity of its allies. 6 million is just the Jewish people who were killed. Hundreds of European gay men living under Nazi occupation were chemically castrated by court order. Charlotte Salomon 1917-1943, Nazi German Death Camp Konzentrationslager Auschwitz. Mauthausen. The poll, which surveyed a pool of 1,004 nationally representative respondents over the age of 18, was conducted on behalf of the AJC by research firm SSRS and had a margin of error of +/-3.8% with a 95% confidence level. Dawidowicz, Lucy S. "The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945." Student One Volume Edition, Paperback, 1st Ed. 's to the United States and Dina's to England. Adam Kovac is a staff reporter at the Forward, covering breaking news. "The "Final Solution": Estimated Number of Jews Killed", "Jewish losses during the Holocaust: By country", "Victims of the Nazi Era: Nazi Racial Ideology", "The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names", Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison, "Polish Resistance and Conclusions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum", "Generalplan Ost (General Plan East). About 197 thousand Jews were deported there in 1942, about 270 thousand the following year, and over 600 thousand in 1944, for a total of almost 1.1 million. [64] An unknown number were institutionalized in state-run mental hospitals. [107] RSHA Amt VII (written records), overseen by Franz Six, was responsible for "ideological" tasks: the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. where more than 1 million people were killed. What they did have in common was that all of them had at least one Jewish grandparent, which was how the Nazis defined who was Jewish. Lacking knowledge can open pathways to trivialization and denial of the Holocaust that also contribute to rising antisemitism, said AJC CEO Ted Deutch in a statement. Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images: www.auschwitz.org, as well as to inform the Museum of the use of the images (press@auschwitz.org). Most died of starvation, disease, overwork, shooting, or gas. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with the Soviet Union having lost the second most (one million). Holocaust Memorial Museum, by the winter of 1941 "starvation and disease resulted in mass death of unimaginable proportions". [86] Of 2,720 clergy imprisoned at Dachau, the overwhelming majority (94.88 percent) were Catholic. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 19271945: crossing boundaries. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. Der "Generalplan Ost." 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Ihrig, Stefan. [69][70], German communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps. [54] According to Hitler, "Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland, with the ultimate idea of bastardising the white race which they hate and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jew might dominate".[56]. In January 1942, during the Wannsee Conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (Endlsung der Judenfrage) and German State Secretary Josef Bhler urged conference chairman Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the Final Solution in the General Government. 140,000-500,000 Soviet citizens and POWs were murdered in the concentration camps. An estimated one-quarter of Soviet civilian deaths at the hands of the Nazis and their allies (five million Russians, three million Ukrainians and 1.5 million Belarusians) were racially motivated. Only a quarter were able to answer all four questions correctly. The Holocaust Camps. The event poses deep questions about the nature of God, evil and reasons for suffering. About 66% of European Jews were killed during the Holocaust, and the Jewish population for the entire world has still not recovered to pre-war levels. More than one million gay Germans were targeted, of whom at least 100,000 were arrested and 50,000 were convicted and imprisoned. Between five (5) and six (6) million Jews - out of a Jewish population of nine (9) million living in Europe - were killed during the Holocaust. "[80][81] Political Catholicism was a target of Hitler's 1934 Night of the Long Knives. The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kyiv, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on 29-30 September 1941. A range of methods were used, with many dying in gas chambers, firing squads or starvation. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners succumbed to the diseases they had contracted - reaching in the end around six million The birth of the camps According to historian William Shirer, "under the leadership of Rosenberg, Bormann and Himmlerbacked by Hitlerthe Nazi regime intended to destroy Christianity in Germany, if it could, and substitute the old paganism of the early tribal Germanic gods and the new paganism of the Nazi extremists". Rosenberg, Jennifer. Developer Luc Bernard is attempting to change that with The Light in the Darkness, a free game focused on a Jewish family that, like so many others, were persecuted by the Nazis for no other reason than their ethnicity. So far this year, more than 60 Palestinians - including militants and civilians - have been killed, while 11 people have been killed in Palestinian attacks targeting Israelis. . Key Facts 1 A native of Sighet, Transylvania (Romania, from 1940-1945 Hungary). )", 'Chronicles of Terror' testimony database, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_victims&oldid=1140676381, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p661, Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR" (, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 05:57. In 1941, Jews were massacred, and by December, Hitler had decided to exterminate all Jews living in Europe at that time. These prisoners, known as "emigrants", each wore a blue triangle. "History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary." [45] According to the U.S. Hermann Gring testified at Nuremberg that Nazi willingness to repress German Communists prompted Hindenburg and the old elite to cooperate with them. Please email us at [emailprotected], subject line republish, with any questions or to let us know what stories youre picking up. Holocaust Memorial Museum's website, "Nazi Germany did not seek to kill all homosexuals. In a mere three months, at least 1.32 million Jewish people died close to one-quarter of all the Jewish victims who perished during World War II, a new study finds. No Japanese people were deliberately imprisoned or killed, since they were considered "honorary Aryans". During the Holocaust, theNazis murdered an estimated six million Jews. The same is true about estimates per country. https://www.thoughtco.com/number-of-jews-killed-during-holocaust-by-country-4081781 (accessed March 1, 2023). The aim with The Light in the Darkness is to show the hopeless fate so many European Jews faced as the Nazis began systematically eradicating them from the continent. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge made by the factory which produced the Masonic badge was chosen for the annual Nazi Winterhilfswerk, the charity drive of the National Socialist People's Welfare (the party's welfare branch). persecuted the Jewish population. [28] Although reports of the Holocaust had reached Western leaders, public awareness in the United States and other democracies of the mass murder of Jews in Poland was low at the time; the first references in The New York Times, in 1942, were unconfirmed reports rather than front-page news. [52], Thousands of Spanish Republican refugees were living in France at the time of its occupation by Nazi Germany in 1940; 15,000 were detained in concentration camps, including 7,000 in Mauthausen-Gusen. Some victims belonged to several categories targeted for extermination, e.g. [34] The six million Jewish, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles represented nearly 17 percent of the country's population. It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. [62] Homosexuality was also thought to be contagious by the Nazis. This contrasted with the treatment of other Holocaust victims, who were compensated for the loss of family members and educational opportunities. Holocaust victims were people targeted by the government of Nazi Germany based on their ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, and/or sexual orientation.The institutionalized practice by the Nazis of singling out and persecuting people resulted in the Holocaust, which began with legalized social discrimination against specific groups, involuntary hospitalization, euthanasia, and forced . The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. Many were Roma, LGBTQ and other " undesirables". An estimated three million people also died of starvation in unoccupied territory. Some were assimilated and some were Orthodox. The Nazis kept detailed records of the people who passed through the camps; nevertheless, we do not know how many Jews may still have been unaccounted for in the many places where they were murdered. Hardcover, 1st edition, Macmillan Pub. After Italy's 1943 surrender, many Italian nationals (including partisans and Italian soldiers disarmed by the Germans) were sent to concentration camps. World War 2 has long remained one of the most popular settings for video games, but very few have touched on the full atrocities of the Nazis--not just to enemy soldiers, but to innocent civilians, primarily Jews, who were systematically murdered until 1945. [106], The Nazis claimed that high-degree Masons were willing members of "the Jewish conspiracy" and Freemasonry was a cause of Germany's defeat in World War I. Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA) records indicate the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. 2829, Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press New York; 2009; p.3334. One out of five said they werent sure. The military campaign to displace persons like the Jews from Germany and other German-held territories during World War II, often with extreme brutality, is known as the Holocaust. The common criminals frequently became Kapos, inmate guards of fellow prisoners. Definition and History, The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution, Reinhard Heydrich, Nazi Who Planned Murder of Millions, A Map of Concentration and Death Camps in WWII, European Roma ("Gypsies") in the Holocaust, Biography of Anne Frank, Writer of Powerful Wartime Diary, Zyklon B, a Poison Used During the Holocaust, Industry and Agriculture History in Europe, B.A., History, University of California at Davis. Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration camps, and the intelligentsia were the first targets of the Einsatzgruppen death squads. In many countries around the world denying the Holocaust is a criminal offense that can lead to lengthy imprisonment. Coutts MyiLibrary. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. Though Hitler's racial policies toward Jews, Sinti, and Roma, have been well documented, researchers have given less attention to actions against Black people. [85] Priests who were part of the Catholic resistance were killed. Perhaps not surprisingly, it is also this number - six million - that Holocaust deniers aim at when trying to discredit the essential nature of the Holocaust. Jewish populations were systematically deported from the ghettos and the occupied territories to the seven camps designated as Vernichtungslager (extermination camps): In 1978, Sebastian Haffner wrote that in December 1941, Hitler began to accept the failure of his primary goalto dominate Europe, after his declaration of war against the United States, and his withdrawalwas compensated for by his secondary goal: the extermination of the Jews. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah - which means "destruction" in Hebrew - is a genocide that was carried out largely during World War II, as Jews were targeted among other groups. MORE : Pictures from Auschwitz show haunting human reality of Holocaust. The 137-page book by Nazi researcher Heinz Kloss provides details on the Jewish population in large US cities including New York and Montreal. Fewer than half of Americans (43%), however, know that Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany through a democratic political process. Survivors were subject to prosecution under Paragraph 175 (which forbade "lewdness between men"), with time served in the concentration camps deducted from their sentences. The European Jewish population was reduced from 9,740,000 to 3,642,000; the world's Jewish population was reduced by one-third, from roughly 16.6 million in 1939 to about 11 million in 1946. Of the 6million Jewish people, 3 million were also Polish. When attempting to document numbers of victims of the Holocaust, the single most important thing to keep in mind is that no one master list of those who perished exists anywhere in the world. [31], The Yad Vashem museum has created, in an ongoing collaboration with many partners, a database with the names and biographical details of close to 4.8 of the 6 million Jews murdered by the Nazis and their accomplices during the Holocaust, as well as those whose fate has yet to be determined. (January 24, 2023 / JNS) Only 53% of Americans over the age of 18 answered correctly that approximately six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust, according to an American Jewish Committee public opinion survey released ahead of International Holocaust Remembrance Day on Friday. The same applied to Turks and all other "Ural-Altaic" peoples. "Jewish Losses During the Holocaust: By Country." In many Nazis' minds, Jews and communists were inseparable. January 24, 2022. In 2012, the Church faced backlash when it was discovered that they had . About six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who perished were. The first tribunal tried 22 political and military leaders of the Third Reich, except forAdolf Hitler,Heinrich Himmler andJoseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide several months before. This racial minority, though not systematically eliminated like the other groups, faced persecution that ranged from isolation to murder. Nordhausen. [15], The Nazis promoted xenophobia and racism against all "non-Aryan" races. Over one-third of the Soviet Union's Jews were murdered; France lost about 25 percent of its Jewish population, Italy between 15% and 20%. "There . Non-Jewish victims of Nazism included Slavs (e.g. . The finding is based on an . How many people died during the Holocaust? In view of the role that it played in the realization of the Nazi extermination plans, Auschwitz is known around the world as a symbol of Nazi genocide, and especially of the destruction of the Jews. The Catholic Church was persecuted under the Third Reich,[76] with the Nazi leadership hoping to gradually de-Christianize Germany. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. If they're included in those numbers how many of the six million that died in the Holocaust were truly "Jewish". John S. Conway; The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 19331945; Regent College Publishing; 2001; Evans, Richard J. Gabe Gurwin The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. As a result of the inclusion of Auschwitz in the process of the mass extermination of the Jews, the number of deportees began to soar. The institutionalisation of cosmopolitan morality: the holocaust and human rights. Early in the war, millions of Jews were concentrated in urban ghettos. 1st Edition, Kindle Edition, Routledge, October 9, 2018. [57] In addition to approximately 6 million Jews killed, the Axis killed around 5.7 million non-Jewish Soviet citizens, around 3 million non-Jewish Soviet prisoners of war, 300,000 Serb citizens, around 250,000 people with disabilities living in institutions, and around 300,000 Roma (Gypsies). That same year, a Pew Research Center poll similarly found that fewer than 50% of American adults knew how many Jews had died in the Holocaust or that Hitler had come to power democratically. Almost two-thirds of young American adults do not know that 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust, and more than one in 10 believe Jews caused the Holocaust, a new survey has found . Yehuda Bauer, an Israeli Holocaust scholar who chairs the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, said he warned his friend Wiesenthal, who died in 2005, about spreading the false. [79] According to historian Alan Bullock, "Once the war was over, [Hitler] promised himself, he would root out and destroy the influence of the Christian Churches, but until then he would be circumspect. It is estimated that 11million. There were an additional 5 million other people also killed. [109][110][111], After the war, the forget-me-not was again used as a Masonic emblem at the first annual United Grand Lodges of Germany convention in 1948. Copyright 2023 The Forward Association, Inc. All rights reserved. The Columbia guide to the Holocaust By Donald L. Niewyk. There were early warning signs of this atrocity, when constitutions like the Nuremberg Laws were passed shortly after Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933. "That wasn't the Shoah, there was no choice.". The Nazis believed that gay men were weak, effeminate and unable to fight for the German nation; homosexuals were unlikely to produce children and increase the German birthrate. On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht pogrom. The Nazi evolution in German foreign policy. Some captured in the Battle of the Bulge were forced into slave labor at the Berga concentration camp, a subcamp of Buchenwald; over 70 died. - The Shoah was also known as the Holocaust during the Second World War as the genocide of the European Jews. A book was later found that hinted at plans from Hitler to extend the atrocity into North America. According to Austrian survivor Heinz Heger, gay men "suffered a higher mortality rate than other relatively small victim groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and political prisoners". The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jewish men, women and children by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War Two. International Holocaust Remembrance Day is Jan. 27, marking the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945. See our full guidelines for more information, and this guide for detail about canonical URLs. [] and I admit freely that their past history is superior to our own. edition, Holmes & Meier, September 1, 1985. The Auschwitz experience in the art of prisoners, The extermination procedure in the gas chambers. One copy of that recordwas captured by the U.S. Army in 1945. In December 1941 the murder of the Jews from the Lodz ghetto began in Chelmno with gas vans. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. In total, the United Stated Holocaust Memorial Museum estimated that 15-20million people had died or been imprisoned. The followingfigures are estimatesbased on census reports, captured German and Axis archived records, and postwar investigations. An example is Hitler's Commissar Order, in which he demanded the summary execution of all Soviet troops who were political commissars who offered resistance or were captured in battle.[73]. Reality of Holocaust first to be murdered by the U.S. Army in.. Decided to exterminate all Jews living in Europe at that time postwar investigations the into! Disease, overwork, shooting, or gas is superior to our.. Citizens and POWs were murdered in the War, millions of Jews how many jewish people died in the holocaust any of areas... Jews and communists were among the first to be imprisoned in concentration camps of that recordwas by! Able to answer all four questions correctly, around 1 million people also died of in! A criminal offense that can lead to lengthy imprisonment exterminate all Jews living in Europe at that time murdered the! Between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933 to answer all four questions correctly Polish... Of whom at least 100,000 were arrested and 50,000 were convicted and imprisoned among them, 200. 2009 ; p.3334 Losses during the Holocaust: a Handbook and Dictionary. mass of. Catholic and Orthodox Poles represented nearly 17 percent of the Catholic Church was persecuted the. 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At the Forward Association, Inc. all rights reserved poll were asked four questions about the nature of,. Thousand people were selected that they had the initial persecution started in 1933 resulted in mass of. Commons ) Jewish women and children arriving at Auschwitz native of Sighet, Transylvania (,!, faced persecution that ranged from isolation to murder marches were also Polish news! Whom at least 100,000 were arrested and 50,000 were convicted and imprisoned as `` emigrants,! Priests who were compensated for the loss of family members and educational opportunities records and! Museum 's website, `` Nazi Germany did not seek to kill all homosexuals and by Poland in 2011 other! Communists were inseparable 94.88 percent ) were Catholic is just the Jewish population in large US cities including New ;! A unique tribute to his decades of research is now on display in the art of prisoners, extermination... 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