Karttunen, Frances. Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides, and Survivors. A readily available translation of Cortss long letters to Charles V sometimes explaining his actions and in many cases describing the vast wealth and civilization he found in the Valley of Mexico, especially in Tenochtitlan. Believes the painting was destroyed when Corts house in Coyoacn caught fire. De I. Paz, 1878. Moreover, we have very little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King Itzcoatl apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440 to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire. From Mexica came the name for the city that superseded the Aztec capital and for the surrounding valley, which was applied later to the whole Mexican nation. La Rosa, Zhenja. But during much of the conquest, Cortss letters could be interpreted as an attempt to justify his deliberate failure to obey Diego Velzquez de Cellar, the Spanish governor in Cuba, the sponsor of his expedition. New Brunswich: Rutgers University Press, 1994. Gua para el uso del Cdice florentino. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. Almost every element of this received account is false, epi-demiologically improbable, historiographically suspect, or logi-cally dubious. The Spaniards hanged a chief from Acolhuacan named Nezahualquentzin. Las Casas, Bartolom de. Corrections? A rather snippy critique of cultural studies approaches to history, but has an interesting chapter on some of the cultural studies approaches to the conquest of Mexico. Poliantea. The resource includes information on: Aztec gods, rulers, priests, temples, the Aztec empire and Aztec calendars. Compares Spanish and indigenous accounts of the conquest. He died in 1568. The published first letter was, in fact, not Cortss original letter, but one revised by a committee with the deliberate intention of positively influencing Charles V. The Spanish conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo wrote his version of what he had witnessed during the conquest, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, decades after the Spanish victory in 1521. He used them and referred to them in his manuscript. Thus, various personal translations of the Codex Florentino became my primary source for the Mexica account of the conquest. An anonymous manuscript that Mexican historian Miguel Len-Portilla believes was written as early as 1528 from a Tlatelolco perspective. An intelligent essay that reviews all of the existing evidence on the impact of disease, especially smallpox, on the conquest of Mexico. From Tenochca was derived the name of their great city, Tenochtitln, founded on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico. The process of verifying the pedigree of out of copyright drawings has, thus, been a nightmare, especially when the books I was using failed to indicate the source of the illustrations. Children could also complete the Aztec puzzles. [My translation]. At the same time, if the priests understood local languages, they were better able to root out native religious heresies. This book just appeared as I was finishing this project. Microfilm. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. The king Motecuhzoma, who was accompanied by Itzcohuatzin and by those who had brought food for the Spaniards, protested: Our lords, that is enough! Contains some interesting images from the codices critical of de Alvardo. They left their posts and went to dress him in his sacred finery: his ornaments and his paper clothing. "The Aztec." Aztec artists worked in a number of different media, from monumental stone sculptures, terracotta sculptures, and murals to codices, featherworks, and . Painting the Conquest: The Mexican Indians and the European Renaissance. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! New York: Harper and Row, 1984. This translation was based on the copy held in Berlin, which is probably the later, copied version of the manuscript. As Salvador Carrascos recent fictional film, The Other Conquest, superbly demonstrates, colonization of the natives minds loomed large in the Spanish project. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family Songs are probably the oldest accounts documenting the defeat of the Mexicas. The editor of this volume believes that some of these songs pre-date the conquest, but others are icnocuicatl or songs of sorrow lamenting the destruction of Tenochititln. For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. For this reason, our warriors were on guard at the Eagle Gate. The people were protected by their swords and sheltered by their shields. [My translation]. Though it was based on Cortss papers, it is closer to a secondary source that glorifies Corts. Why Does the Public Care about the Past (If It Cares at All)? Meyer, Michael C., Sherman, William L., and Deeds, Susan M. The Course of Mexican History. Learn about ancient civilisations with National Geographic Kids' free primary resources, covering KS1 & KS2 History objectives from NC and Scottish C for E. . We do this to improve browsing experience and to show personalised ads. Boston: Beacon Press, 1998. "Human Sacrifice among the Aztecs? Brooks, Francis J. These cookies are required to make our website work! The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. The kings who have gone before, your representatives, guarded it and preserved it for your coming. Ancient World; Middle Ages, 476-1450. Explore and learn all about the different sources of energy. While these sources clearly display a deep sense of sorrow, despair was far from the only response. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people groups (Aztecs, Mixtecs, and Mayans, e.g.) Mexico: "Lesson5: The Aztec conquest and the Birth of a New Race.". He was also reacting against an account published by Cortss secretary, Francisco Lpez de Gmara, who published an account that seemed to give Corts all of the credit for the conquest. Microfiche. Primary Sources . Cortes Describes Tenochtitlan. You're leaving our kids' pages to visit a page for grown-ups! What Are the Publics Attitudes toward a Changing and Uncomfortable Past? Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented., Then he said to Motecuhzoma: We have come to your house in Mexico as friends. Lockhart, James. A brief, but useful biography of Father Sahagn. This home has a pending offer. Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. You will receive our UK newsletter. In summary, primary source materials for the reconstruction of the Mesoamerican concept of history may be divided as follows: pre-Conquest Codices, documents produced under Spanish Patronage, Native Colonial pictorial manuscripts, and Mixed Colonial pictorial and written documents. London: J. Hatchard and Son, 1844. At the beginning of the 12th century, catastrophe befell Toltec civilization when Tula was attacked and destroyed, as were other important Toltec centres. Dover Publications. I plan on using Hernan Cortes' "Second Letter to Emperor Charles V," which describes his exploits and capture of Montezuma II and the Aztec capital. As Zhenja La Rosa argued, the Spaniards assumed that language and culture were inseparable. An excellent introduction to Malinche and her role in the conquest of Mexico. I have met you face to face! Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology, Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results, Directory of History Departments and Organizations, Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey, Resources for Tuning the History Discipline, The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources, Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors, Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2018 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2020 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2021 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2022 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources for Getting Started in Digital History, Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History, Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product, Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education, Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals, Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees. General History of the Things of New Spain. To view full articles, you will require membership. Mxico: Oficina tipogrfica de la Secretara de fomento, 1902. What were they known for? Classic account of the history of the conquest that is very sympathetic to the Spaniards. An expanded version of her earlier essay that appeared in Between Worlds. Additionally, it has useful links to other sites devoted to the indigenous populations of New Spain. La Rosa suggested that in spite of Spanish efforts to force all of the indigenous Americans to speak Spanish, many priests found it in their interests to learn the multiple languages spoken in the region. The Mexicas had conquered much of what is now modern-day Mexico, and many of those conquered people spoke their language, Nahuatl, so that not all Nahuatl-speaking natives were Mexicas. This was foretold by the kings who governed your city, and now it has taken place. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The Florentine Codex, eventually published under the title Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espaa, appeared during a complex transition in Spanish language politics, when some priests began to urge that Nahuatl be made the official language of all of the indigenous peoples living in New Spain. Cambridge, Mass. The Spaniards initially insisted on forcing the indigenous populations to speak Spanish, a policy that was wholly unsuccessful. At the same time, priests, with their own interests, learned Nahuatl and attempted to learn the customs of the local populations they wanted to convert. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. These cookies are required to make our website work! Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors . Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Please Note: Some internet browsers do not handle the Flipboard website very well, and it is sometimes better to have the Flipboard App on your device to view the magazine. In some cases, there are references to different editions of the books I used. Der Zeit (Switzerland). You will receive our UK newsletter. The Working with Primary Sources exercise enables students to create a cultural biography of the author or authors of the source by noting brief answers. As a consequence, much of the history of the conquest of Mexico from the perspective of the losers consists of picture-history. Relying on texts alone, in other words, distorts the Nahuas historical memory by not utilizing the particular form in which the indigenous populations of New Spain constructed it. Many of the friars educating, controlling, and indoctrinating New Spain villages, thus, encouraged the natives to paint. 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