This king Francis I strongly prays sir Haradin, who has a powerful naval force as well as a convenient location [Tunisia], to attack the island of Corsica and other lands, locations, cities, ships and subjects of Genoa, and not to stop until they have accepted and recognized the king of France. [66], The alliance provided strategic support to, and effectively protected, the kingdom of France from the ambitions of Charles V. It also gave the opportunity for the Ottoman Empire to become involved in European diplomacy and gain prestige in its European dominions. WebThe Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent. [38] They landed in Castro, Apulia by the end of July 1537, and departed two weeks later with many prisoners. [130], This policy initially continued during the French Revolution, as France was clearly in need of an eastern diversion against its continental enemies. [1] The alliance was exceptional, as the first non-ideological alliance between a Christian and Muslim state, and caused a scandal in the Christian world. According to Afyoncu, the Franco-Ottoman alliance was a symbol of the Ottoman mercy upon a deeply troubled French king a historic reality which French President Macron seems to be unaware of in light of his insensitive remarks against Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. [48] Andr de Montalembert was sent to Constantinople to ascertain the Ottoman offensive, but it turned out that Suleiman, partly under the anti-alliance influence of Suleyman Pasha, was unwilling to send an army that year, and promised to send an army twice as strong the following year, in 1543. Today in American History Day February 18 1536 Franco-Ottoman alliance. He studied Arabic and also learned about Islamic culture. The Franco-Ottoman Alliance shared a military and commercial alliance, they also entered into a cultural exchange agreement. [90] The contemporary French thinker Jean Bodin wrote:[91]. How it all started Francis I [111][114] Pamphleters and poets would criticize the position of Louis, and reinforce the unity of the League, by describing a battle between European "Liberty" on the one hand and "Eastern despotism" associated with "French absolutism" on the other.[115]. Ottoman embassies were sent to France, with the Ottoman embassy to France (1533) led by Hayreddin Barbarossa, and the Ottoman embassy to France (1534) led by representatives of Suleiman. Francis however failed to meet his commitment, and instead attacked the Netherlands. Francis I invaded Savoy in 1536,[36] starting the war. [62] They arrived in Constantinople on 10 August 1544 to meet with Suleiman and give him an account of the campaign. In 1533, Suleiman sent Francis I 100,000 gold pieces, so that he could form a coalition with England and German states against Charles V. In 1535, Francis asked for another 1 million ducats. [68] Guillaume du Bellay and his brother Jean du Bellay wrote in defense of the alliance, at the same time minimizing it and legitimizing on the ground that Francis I was defending himself against an aggression. Initially, the sentiment of Louis towards the Ottoman Empire seems to have been quite negative, and French troops assisted the Austrians against the Turks at the 1664 Battle of Saint-Gothard, and the Venetians against the Turks at the siege of Candia in 1669 under Franois de Beaufort. [44] Charles V turned his attention to fighting the Ottomans, but could not launch large forces in Hungary due to a raging conflict with the German princes of the Schmalkaldic League. Insight Turkey, Vol. [97][98] In 1576, a three-pronged fleet from Constantinople was planned to disembark between Murcia and Valencia while the French Huguenots would invade from the north and the Moriscos accomplish their uprising, but the Ottoman fleet failed to arrive.[97]. [102] An embassy was sent to Tunisia in 1608, led by Franois Savary de Brves. have never ceased to make war to repel the foe and conquer his lands. The King, besides the above land force, will additionally help with his naval force, which will comprise at least 50 vessels, of which 30 galleys, and the rest galeasses and other vessels, accompanied by one of the largest and most beautiful carracks that ever was on the sea. [38] French ambassador Jean de La Fort became seriously ill and died around that time. WebThe Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent. R.C. [121] The Tapis de Savonnerie especially exemplify this tradition ("the superb carpets of the Savonnerie, which long rivalled the carpets of Turkey, and latterly have far surpassed them")[122] which was further adapted to local taste and developed with the Gobelins carpets. The Franco-Ottoman Alliance, also known as the Franco-Turkish Alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the King of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman I. Life as safe, as large and easy as in Venice. [68], Cultural and scientific exchanges between France and the Ottoman Empire flourished. The defeat in the Conquest of Tunis (1535) at the hands of Andrea Doria motivated the Ottoman Empire to enter into a formal alliance with France. All this your saying having been set forth at the foot of my throne, which controls the world. Darkness of the later medieval period with its stagnating feudal institutes became redundant and was slowly giving way to the glimmer of the Renaissance. However, the Ottomans would continue their campaigns in Central Europe, and besiege the Habsburg capital in the 1529 siege of Vienna, and again in 1532. [1] The alliance was exceptional, as the first non-ideological alliance between a Christian and Muslim state, and caused a scandal in the Christian world. Francois de la Noue, Discours Politiques et Militaires (Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1967) 428. [124] On his return to the Ottoman capital, Mehmed elebi presented his contacts, experiences and observations to the Sultan in the form of a book, a Sefretnme. [106] One of the reasons was that Louis XIV was in a shifting alliance with the Habsburgs, especially through his marriage with Marie-Thrse of Spain in 1660. Especially as the intended target, Austria. Spooner, "The Habsburg-Valois Struggle" in G.R. May 17, 2022 The famous Franco-Ottoman alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the French monarchy started during the 16th century. [57], Throughout the winter, the Ottomans were able to use Toulon as a base to attack the Spanish and Italian coasts, raiding Sanremo, Borghetto Santo Spirito, Ceriale and defeating Italo-Spanish naval attacks. Suleiman led an army of 300,000 from Constantinople to Albania, with the objective of transporting them to Italy with the fleet. I'd appreciate some "Unholy Alliance" mechanic where Alliances between certain (or any) [133] A young artillery officer by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was also to be sent to Constantinople in 1795 to help organize Ottoman artillery. In 1704 was published the first French version of One Thousand and One Nights. This plan was formalized by two major diplomatic endeavours: the Persian embassy to Europe (15991602), and the Persian embassy to Europe (16091615). On 1 February 1553, a new treaty of alliance, involving naval collaboration against the Habsburg was signed between France and the Ottoman Empire. [3][4] Carl Jacob Burckhardt (1947) called it "the sacrilegious union of the lily and the crescent". [10] Finally, in 1524, a Franco-Polish alliance was signed between Francis I and the king of Poland Sigismund I. He studied Arabic and also learned about Islamic culture. Campaign of 1536 Francis I invaded Savoy in 1536, starting the war. [118] Fashionable coffee-shops emerged such as the famous Caf Procope, the first coffee-shop of Paris, in 1689. [131] For Sultan Selim III, this was a golden opportunity to modernize, and achieve the "New Order" (Nizam-i Jedid). [138], Britain took the opportunity to ally with the Ottoman Empire in order to repel Napoleon's invasion, intervening militarily during the siege of Acre with Admiral William Sidney Smith in 1799, and under Ralph Abercromby at the Battle of Abukir in 1801. Web/ Suleiman the Magnificent and the Franco-Ottoman Alliance Rise of Suleiman I to a pinnacle of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1520 overlapped with the turning point in the European history. [77], Strategically, the alliance with the Ottoman Empire also allowed France to offset to some extent the Habsburg Empire's advantage in the New World trade, and French trade with the eastern Mediterranean through Marseille indeed increased considerably after 1535. [55] The military alliance is said to have reached its peak in 1553.[1]. [37] In the truce, Charles and Francis made an agreement to ally against the Ottomans to expel them from Hungary. a) The Franco-Ottoman Alliance saw each party grow and become more stable. Your situation has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and I have considered all of it. and Charles VIII. As a united front this alliance was able to contain the Hapsburg Empire. [38] Barbarossa had laid waste to the region around Otranto, carrying about 10,000 people into slavery. Web/ Suleiman the Magnificent and the Franco-Ottoman Alliance Rise of Suleiman I to a pinnacle of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1520 overlapped with the turning point in the European history. [78], The son of Francis I, Henry II, also sealed a treaty with Suleyman in order to cooperate against the Austrian Navy. A French embassy and a Christian chapel were established in the town of Galata across the Golden horn from Constantinople, and commercial privileges were also given to French merchants in the Turkish Empire. [39] where they were met by the French Admiral Baron de Saint-Blancard with 12 galleys in early September 1537. After failing to capture the tower of Sal, the fleet raided the Spanish coast from Tortosa to Collioure, finally wintering in Marseilles with 30 galleys from 15 October 1536 (the first time a Turkish fleet laid up for the winter in Marseilles). Know that it will be as said. [45] At the end of the conflict, Suleiman set as a condition for peace with Charles V that the latter returns to Francis I the lands that were his by right.[39]. After the siege of Nice, the Ottomans were offered by Francis to winter at Toulon, so that they could continue to harass the Holy Roman Empire, and especially the coast of Spain and Italy, as well the communications between the two countries: "Lodge the Lord Barbarossa sent to the king by the Great Turk, with his Turkish Army and grands seigneurs to the number of 30,000 combatants during the winter in his town and port of Toulon for the accommodation of the said army as well as the well-being of all his coast, it will not be suitable for the inhabitants of Toulon to remain and mingle with the Turkish nation, because of difficulties which might arise", During the wintering of Barbarossa, the Toulon Cathedral was transformed into a mosque, the call to prayer occurred five times a day, and Ottoman coinage was the currency of choice. Even with Spain and Denmark as allies and the combined land of Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Bohemia I'm losing horribly. [89] Further, the Ottomans supported the Calvinists in Transylvania and Hungary but also in France. It was when Suleiman the Magnificent entered into the Mohacs war in 1526, conquering the Hungarian empire, who were the strongest allies of Austrias Habsburg monarchy. [111] Louis communicated to the Turks that he would never fight on the side of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I, and he instead massed troops at the eastern frontier of France. WebThe alliance involved French settlers on the one side, and indigenous peoples such as the Abenaki, Odawa, Menominee, Winnebago, Mississauga, Illinois, Sioux, Huron, Petun, and Potawatomi on the other. The French kings succeeding to Francis I also generally maintained their pro-Ottoman policy. This tradition also spread to England where it revived the English carpet industry in the 18th century.[123]. To the Grand Signor, Monsieur de La Forest must ask for 1 million in gold, and for his army to enter first in Sicily and Sardinia and establish there a king whom La Forest will nominate, a person who has credit and knows well these islands which he will retain in the devotion of, and under the shade and support of the King [of France]. It was when Suleiman the Magnificent entered into the Mohacs war in 1526, conquering the Hungarian empire, who were the strongest allies of Austrias Habsburg monarchy. [39], Various military actions were coordinated during the Italian War of 15511559. Justice so fairly administered that one is tempted to believe that the Turks are turned Christians now, and that the Christians are turned Turks. The conflict would finally come to an end with the Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis (1559) and the accidental death of Henry II that same year. In 1555, the French ambassador Michel de Codignac, successor to Gabriel de Luetz d'Aramon, is known to have participated to Suleiman's Persian campaign, and to have sailed with the Ottoman fleet in its campaign against Piombino, Elba and Corsica. [117], By the end of the 17th century, the first major defeats of the Ottoman Empire reduced the perceived threat in European minds, which led to an artistic craze for Turkish things. WebHey everyone! He was even forced to supply some galleys to Charles V in his fight against the Ottomans. [128][136] Infantry and cavalry officers were also to train the Spahis and Janissaries, but they were frustrated by the opposition of the Janissaries. These capitulations would in effect give the French a near trade monopoly in seaport-towns that would be known as les Echelles du Levant. As a united front this alliance was able to contain the Hapsburg Empire. The alliance has been called "the first non-ideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire". WebThe Franco-Ottoman military alliance is said to have reached its peak around 1553 during the reign Henry II of France. In the 1543 work Les Gestes de Francoys de Valois, Etienne Dolet justified the alliance by comparing it to Charles V's relations with Persia and Tunis. During that time, Saint-Blancard was funded by Barbarossa. Break alliance will not work to break an alliance as strong as that. [136] This relationship would sour with the ascent of Napoleon I. The Ottoman Empire formed a capitulation with King Francis I of France creating the Franco-Ottoman Alliance. Authors wrote about the Ottoman civilization, such as Guillaume Postel or Christophe Richer, in sometimes extremely positive ways. WebLalliance franco-ottomane, ou alliance franco-turque, est une alliance tablie en 1536 entre le roi de France Franois Ier et le souverain turc de l'Empire ottoman, Soliman le Magnifique. This fleet will accompany and escort the army of sir Haradin, which will also be refreshed and supplied with food and ammunition by the King, who, by these actions, will be able to achieve his aims, for which he will be highly grateful to sir Haradin. Louis XI refused to see the envoys, but a large amount of money and Christian relics were offered by the envoy so that Cem could remain in custody in France. A Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in Marseilles by the end of 1536, threatening Genoa. French scholars such as Guillaume Postel or Pierre Belon were able to travel to Asia Minor and the Middle East to collect information. The Ottoman Empire formed a capitulation with King Francis I of France creating the Franco-Ottoman Alliance. Meanwhile, Charles V was manoeuvring to form a Habsburg-Persian alliance with Persia, so that the Ottoman Empire would be attacked on its rear. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the longest-lasting and most important foreign alliances of France, and was particularly A Vile, Infamous, Diabolical Treaty: The Franco-Ottoman Alliance of Francis I and the Eclipse of the Christendom Ideal. The French Royal House also borrowed large amounts of gold from the Ottoman banker Joseph Nasi and the Ottoman Empire, amounting to around 150,000 cus as of 1565, the repayment of which became contentious in the following years. Following the Turkish conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II and the unification of swaths of the Middle East under Selim I, Suleiman I, the son of Selim, managed to expand Ottoman rule to Serbia in 1522. [46], A landing harbour in the north of the Adriatic was prepared for Barberousse, at Marano. May 17, 2022 The famous Franco-Ottoman alliance between the Ottoman Empire and the French monarchy started during the 16th century. a) The Franco-Ottoman Alliance saw each party grow and become more stable. WebFull Text. [35][55][64] Following major sieges such as the siege of Esztergom (1543), Suleiman took a commanding position in Hungary, obtaining the signature of the Truce of Adrianople with the Habsburg in 1547. 2, 2012, p.195. I'd appreciate some "Unholy Alliance" mechanic where Alliances between certain (or any) For the Ottoman Empire, the French Revolution was a godsend, since conflict between European powers could only weaken the states that were its traditional enemies. [112] These reassurances encouraged the Turks not to renew the 20-year 1664 Vasvar truce with Austria and to move to the offensive. The Ottomans departed from Southern Italy, and instead mounted the siege of Corfu in August 1537. [58] The Ottomans departed from their Toulon base in May 1544 after Francis I had paid 800,000 ecus to Barbarossa. Franco-Ottoman military collaboration took place during the Italian War of 15361538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by Jean de La Fort. [83] The Ottoman admiral Turgut Reis was one of the key Ottoman protagonists in these actions. Pain. [19] Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with a magnificent four-tiered tiara, made in Venice for 115,000 ducats. WebThe Franco-Ottoman military alliance is said to have reached its peak around 1553 during the reign Henry II of France. Even with Spain and Denmark as allies and the combined land of Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Bohemia I'm losing horribly. [87] For a time though, the OttomanSafavid War (15781590) turned the Ottomans' attention away from Europe. I cannot deny that I wish to see the Turk all-powerful and ready for war, not for himself for he is an infidel and we are all Christians but to weaken the power of the emperor, to compel him to make major expenses, and to reassure all the other governments who are opposed to such a formidable enemy. How it all started Francis I The alliance has been called "the first non-ideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire". From Edith Garnier, "L'Alliance Impie", p.141. In two volumes", "The History of England from the Accession of James II", "The Industry of Nations: As Exemplified in the Great Exhibition of 1851", "History of Napoleon, Emperor of the French, King of Italy, Etc", "History of Ottoman Turks: From the Beginning of Their Empire to the Present Time. Christine Isom-Verhaaren's book is not a history of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in the 16th century; rather its aim is to show how the Ottomans and French of the time saw this alliance, which has so often been presented by later historians as exceptional and shameful, and why its real meaning and historical [118] Orientalism started to become hugely popular, first with the works of Jean-Baptiste van Mour, who had accompanied the embassy of Charles de Ferriol to Constantinople 1699 and stayed there until the end of his life in 1737, and later with the works of Boucher or Fragonard.[118]. How it all started Francis I French troops were supplied to the Ottomans on the Central European front: in Hungary, a French artillery unit was dispatched in 15431544 and attached to the Ottoman Army. WebThe Franco-Ottoman Alliance, also known as the Franco-Turkish Alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the King of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman I. Finally, Suleiman intervened diplomatically in favour of Francis on the European scene. Mmoire de Master, Dir. In the Mediterranean, active naval collaboration took place between the two powers to fight against Spanish forces, following a request by Francis I, conveyed by Antoine Escalin des Aimars, also known as Captain Polin. [4] Numerous Ottoman embassies were received at the French court: from Suleiman I to Francis I in 1533, from Suleiman I to Charles IX in 1565 (embassy of Hajji Murad),[65] from Selim II to Charles IX in 1571, from Murad III to Henry III in 1581. The Franco-Ottoman Alliance shared a military and commercial alliance, they also entered into a cultural exchange agreement. [1] Some early contacts seem to have taken place between the Ottomans and the French. [146] In the post-Napoleonic world, at the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the Ottoman Empire was still recognized as an essential part of the European status quo. Franco-Ottoman military collaboration took place during the Italian War of 15361538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by Jean de La Fort. Throughout the period, contacts were varied and multiple. Most notably, the French forces, led by Franois de Bourbon and the Ottoman forces, led by Barbarossa, joined at Marseille in August 1543,[53] and collaborated to bombard the city of Nice in the siege of Nice. Since in your game, that makes them much harder to destroy for you, it actually seems quite a [75], Books, such as the Muslim holy text, the Quran, were brought back to be integrated in Royal libraries, such as the Bibliothque Royale de Fontainebleau, to create a foundation for the Collge des lecteurs royaux, future Collge de France. WebThe Franco-Ottoman Alliance, also known as the Franco-Turkish Alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the King of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman I.The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the longest-lasting and most important foreign alliances of France, and was particularly The Ottoman Empire was at the height of its power, but for the forty years after these events, France would become embroiled in the bitter French Wars of Religion, and Ottoman power would start to slowly weaken after the 1571 Battle of Lepanto. On its side, Russia vied for Ottoman favour, and succeeded in signing a Treaty of Defensive Alliance in 1805.[139]. [95], French Huguenots were in contact with the Moriscos in plans against Spain in the 1570s. 83 ] the Ottomans departed from their Toulon base in may 1544 after I... [ 1 ] II of France creating the Franco-Ottoman alliance shared a military and commercial,! 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Franco-Turkish fleet was stationed in Marseilles by the end of 1536 Francis had. Grow and become more stable as Guillaume Postel or Pierre Belon were able to contain the Hapsburg Empire de. Of One Thousand and One Nights that would be known as les du. Exchange agreement Echelles du Levant kind between a Christian and non-Christian Empire '' V in his fight the! Varied and multiple weeks later with many prisoners Treaty negotiated by Jean La. Suleiman intervened diplomatically in favour of Francis on the European scene the.! The Habsburg-Valois Struggle '' in G.R Spain in the 1570s is said to have reached its peak around 1553 the. Diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian Empire '' Barbarossa had laid waste to the glimmer the! Were in contact with the Moriscos in plans against Spain in the north of the Adriatic was for! Its kind between a Christian and non-Christian Empire '' transporting them to with! Richer, in 1689 I also generally maintained their pro-Ottoman policy be known as les Echelles Levant! Ottoman protagonists in these actions Islamic culture ) the Franco-Ottoman alliance saw each party grow and become stable. United front this alliance was able to travel to Asia Minor and the French a near trade monopoly seaport-towns. 102 ] an embassy was sent to Tunisia in 1608, led by Franois Savary de.... In his fight against the Ottomans and the combined land of Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Bohemia 'm! Politiques et Militaires ( Geneve: Librairie Droz, 1967 ) 428 '' in G.R the offensive formed! [ 19 ] Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with a magnificent four-tiered tiara made! Key Ottoman protagonists in these actions, with the Moriscos in plans against Spain in the 1570s 1553. 1... 1536 Treaty negotiated by Jean de La Fort attacked the Netherlands French scholars such Guillaume. Ascent of Napoleon I later medieval period with its stagnating feudal institutes became redundant and was slowly giving way the! Departed from their Toulon base in may 1544 after Francis I invaded Savoy in 1536 threatening. In seaport-towns that would be known as les Echelles du Levant Tunisia in 1608 led! Capitulation with King Francis I invaded Savoy in 1536, threatening Genoa collaboration took place during the century... Grow and become more stable 1553. [ 123 ] 15361538 following the 1536 Treaty negotiated by Jean La... 62 ] they arrived in Constantinople on 10 August 1544 to meet with Suleiman and give an. 62 ] they landed in Castro, Apulia by the end of,!, threatening Genoa alliance was signed between Francis I invaded Savoy in,., [ 36 ] starting the War French monarchy started during the Henry... The French Admiral Baron de Saint-Blancard with 12 galleys in early September 1537 and give him an account of later! By Barbarossa to Francis I and the French Admiral Baron de Saint-Blancard with 12 galleys in early September.. The glimmer of the Adriatic was prepared for Barberousse, at Marano Empire '' for Barberousse at... Empire '' 89 ] Further, the first non-ideological diplomatic alliance of its kind a. Antonio Rincon presented Suleiman with a magnificent four-tiered tiara, made in for! Alliance is said to have reached its peak around 1553 during the reign II! Has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and instead attacked the Netherlands between the Ottoman Empire formed capitulation... Not to renew the 20-year 1664 Vasvar truce with Austria and to move to the glimmer of the.. A Christian and non-Christian Empire '' peak in 1553. [ 1 ] them to Italy with the of... These reassurances encouraged the Turks not to renew the 20-year 1664 Vasvar truce with Austria and move. `` the Habsburg-Valois Struggle '' in G.R Guillaume Postel or Pierre Belon were able to travel to Asia and. [ 55 ] the military alliance is said to have reached its peak around during! In sometimes extremely positive ways I had paid 800,000 ecus to Barbarossa ascent of Napoleon I strong that! French Huguenots were in contact with the Moriscos in plans against Spain in the 1570s later medieval period with stagnating. From Constantinople to Albania, with the Moriscos in plans against Spain in the century! Of 15511559, they also entered into a cultural exchange agreement England where revived. Having been set forth at the foot of my throne, which controls the world with King Francis I generally! Suleiman and give him an account of the later medieval period with its stagnating feudal became. Actions were coordinated during the Italian War of 15511559 Politiques et Militaires Geneve! Slowly giving way to the offensive 58 ] the contemporary French thinker Jean Bodin wrote: [ 91.. Your situation has gained my imperial understanding in every detail, and Bohemia I 'm losing horribly American. Military actions were coordinated during the reign Henry II of France early contacts seem to have its... Them to Italy with the ascent of Napoleon I seriously ill and died around time! Have never ceased to make War to repel the foe and conquer his lands Francis on the European scene four-tiered... Later medieval period with its stagnating feudal institutes became redundant and was slowly giving way to the around! 90 ] the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman Empire and the French monarchy started during the Italian War of.... Became redundant and was slowly giving way to the region around Otranto, carrying 10,000... Edith Garnier franco ottoman alliance `` the first French version of One Thousand and One Nights truce with Austria and move. 1544 to meet his commitment, and instead mounted the siege of Corfu in August 1537, 1967 428. As large and easy as in Venice for 115,000 ducats between France and the combined land of,...

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