Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. HOME > Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State > b. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. [2] He had six siblings and his younger brother was Marshal-Admiral Marquis Saig Jd. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. They also believed that only the samurai had the courage and training to defend Japan from its enemies, internal and external. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. He funded but was not directly involved with the schools, so did not know that the students were becoming radicalized against the Meiji government. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct guerilla attacks. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle", This page was last edited on 11 November 2022, at 04:04. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. Roused from his seclusion, Saigo felt that this treachery and wickedness in the imperial government required a response. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army. Vol. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Satsuma's governor, Oyama Tsunayoshi, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saig, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saig's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. Soon, Saigo was Daimyo Shimazu Nariakira's closest adviser, consulting other national figures on affairs including the shogunal succession. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. Down to about 3,000 men, the Satsuma forces made a stand on Mount Enodake. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. Saigo was disgusted by this treacherous tactic as well. The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on heimin conscripts had proven itself in battle. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the genyosha and kokurykai. A famous bronze statue of Saig in hunting attire with his dog stands in Ueno Park, Tokyo. Saig's death brought the Satsuma Rebellion to an end. Instead, he went home to Kagoshima. There were two "regiments" of line cavalry and one "regiment" of imperial guard cavalry. shizoku rebellion. image. SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. But in Satsuma the division of feeling remained unaltered, a circumstance which, added to separatist tendencies that stood in the way of combined action, was, in the sequel, of much benefit to the Government. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of Miyanohara on March 19. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Ravina, Mark. Author: Mounsey, Augustus Henry. As was the tradition for samurai in the event of their lord's death, Saigo contemplated committing to accompany Shimazu into death, but the monk Gessho convinced him to live and continue his political work to honor Nariakira's memory instead. The true story that inspired the 2003 Tom Cruise film The Last Samurai, the Satsuma Rebellion (seinan sens, or "Southwestern War" in Japanese) was an 1877 rebellion of disaffected ex-samurai from Satsuma domain against the newly constituted Meiji government of Japan.Led by an erstwhile member of the government's highest circle, the legendary samurai Saigo Takamori, the . Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. 1868-1912 -- Sources. Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . Saig's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the Empire of Japan, the predecessor state to modern Japan. He changed his name to Saigo Sasuke, and the domain government declared him dead. This costly defeat put Saigo on the defensive for the remainder of the rebellion. After receiving reinforcements, the imperial force, now totaling 4,000 men, attacked the rear elements of the Satsuma army and drove them back. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. The Satsuma Rebellion - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. ISBN-13: 9781437338997. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History ; with Maps. However, most of the garrison was from Kysh, while a significant number of officers were natives of Kagoshima; their loyalties were open to question. Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties., the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. 150,000 YEN UNSIGNED. ThoughtCo. Blog. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. In October, the prime minister announced that Saigo would not be allowed to travel to Korea as an emissary. the authority of the Mikado's government, and form the nucleus of a permanent force, which was now seen . After months of fighting the Satsuma forces had dwindled to approx 400 . Advertisement Advertisement. A primary source of its causes and events. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { The members of his retinue carried in cotton bags the swords they were no longer allowed to wear; and when, at the end of his journey, the gates of the yashiki at Kagoshima closed upon his palanquin, he may have realized that he had passed for ever out of the political life in which he had at one time played so conspicuous a role. The samurai then attacked imperial facilities around the province, seizing weapons and parading them through the streets of Kagoshima. Ever since his retirement from office, and his withdrawal to his native province in 1873, the elder Saigo had remained in Kagoshima, the chief town of Satsuma. Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Themes In Keeper N Me. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. In 1877, the samurai of the Satsuma Province rose up in the Satsuma Rebellion or Seinan Senso (Southwestern War), challenging the authority of the Restoration Government in Tokyo and testing the new imperial army. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. The Satsuma vanguard crossed into Kumamoto Prefecture on February 14. 0 references. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The training provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended war. After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from 13,700,000 to 10,250,000, and it raised Japan's national debt from 28,000,000 to 70,000,000. Great Essays. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . Szczepanski, Kallie. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. 0 references. He was settling happily into island life but reluctantly had to leave the island in February of 1862 when he was called back to Satsuma. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8 but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. They were followed two days later by the rear guard and artillery unit, who left in the midst of a freak snowstorm. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. In the Emperor's capital, politics had changed significantly during Saigo's exile. Updates? 0 Reviews. [1], Saig Kokichi ( ) was born in Kajiya, Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, the eldest son of samurai squire (koshkumi) Saig Kichib and his wife Masa. Add to Wish List Link to this Book Add to Bookbag Sell this Book Buy it at Amazon Compare Prices. The men were captured, and under torture, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saig. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Armed uprisings erupted successively in the Chugoku Region (western Honshu) and Kyushu, with the protagonists arguing for going through with the conquest of Korea and restoring samurai privileges. Saigo spent a lot of time soaking in hot springs and strenuously avoiding politics. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. List Price: $31.95. . On January 3, 1868, the Boshin War began with Saigo's army of 5,000 marching forward to attack the shogun's army, numbering three times as many men. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. 8 Practical Tips to Maximize Efficiency in Real Estate Investing On December 25, 1866, the 35-year-old Emperor Komei suddenly died. 1973 Sophia University The Daimyo of Satsuma was one of the most powerful and aggressive of the . https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). These disaffected samurai came to dominate the Kagoshima government, and fearing a rebellion, the government sent warships to Kagoshima to remove weapons from the Kagoshima arsenal. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saig was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government. This influential clan was headed by the Shimazu family, which had been founded by Shimazu Tadahisa, son of Minamoto Yoritomo, in the Kamakura period. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. The police, in units ranging from 300 to 600 men, were mostly ex-samurai (ironically, many of whom were from Satsuma) and were armed only with wooden batons and swords (Japanese police did not carry firearms until the rice riots of 1918). The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. (2021, September 7). Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. Szczepanski, Kallie. Augustus Henry Mounsey. Each battalion was divided into ten companies of 200 men. In April of 1871, Saigo was persuaded to return to Tokyo to organize the new national army. ISBN-10: 1142113523. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. The imperial governments conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat Saig, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. Just about 400 or 500 of the Satsuma samurai escaped the mountain slope on August 19, including Saigo Takamori. Troops were landed at ita and Saiki north of Saig's army, and Saig was caught in a pincer attack. Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. Satsuma Rebellion and Saig Takamori Prints, [portraying events of September 24, 1877], and government military officers who fought against him], he stands at the head of the women's troops; when resting she offers help, shares out food and looks after the soldiers' needs], Saig Takamori was a revered figure to many Japanese. Physically he was imposing, standing six feet tall and weighing 200 pounds. He was a key player in the formation of the Meiji government, both as a military leader against the Tokugawa shogunate (see the print, and as a politician shaping foreign and domestic policies. 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